LEFT TURN: The left arm is extended straight out from the shoulder, pointed in the direction of the turn.

RIGHT TURN: The left arm is raised at shoulder height, with the elbow bent and the forearm vertical. The palm of the hand is flat.

LAST SLED IN LINE: The left forearm, with the palm flat, slashes repeatedly out and down at a 45-degree angle.

ONCOMING SLEDS: The left arm is raised at shoulder height with the elbow bent, the forearm vertical and the wrist bent. The arm should move from left to right over the head, pointing to the right of the trail.

SLOWING: The left arm is extended out and down from the side of the body, with a downward flapping motion of the hand to signal warning or caution.

SLEDS FOLLOWING: The arm is raised with the elbow bent and the thumb pointing backward. The arm should move in a "hitch-hiking" motion from the front to the back, over the shoulder